📻

Compiled by

Victor William

9W2VSW

Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia

About This AppInfo App Ini

Beginners Guide is a free, open reference built to make ham radio more accessible to Malaysians — especially those who are new to the hobby, considering getting licensed, or just curious about what's out there.

This guide covers the full on-air language used by amateur radio operators worldwide — Q-codes, prowords, phonetics, RST reports, net procedures, emergency protocols, DX and contest phraseology — with a Malaysian lens throughout. Callsign formats, MCMC licensing, local repeater data, and a GPS-based repeater finder are all included.

The goal is simple: lower the barrier. Amateur radio is one of the most rewarding technical hobbies in Malaysia, and more people should know about it.

Beginners Guide ni rujukan percuma dan terbuka yang dibuat untuk permudahkan radio amatur kepada rakyat Malaysia — terutama yang baru nak mula, yang tengah fikir nak ambil lesen, atau sekadar nak tahu lebih lanjut.

Panduan ni merangkumi bahasa komunikasi radio yang digunakan oleh operator di seluruh dunia — Kod-Q, prokata, fonetik, laporan RST, prosedur net, protokol kecemasan, dan banyak lagi. Semua dengan pendekatan Malaysia. Format panggilan, lesen MCMC, direktori repeater tempatan, dan GPS pencari repeater pun ada.

Matlamatnya mudah: kurangkan halangan. Radio amatur adalah salah satu hobi teknikal paling best di Malaysia, dan ramai lagi yang perlu tahu pasal ni.

🚧 Work in progress.Masih dalam pembangunan. Frequencies, repeater data, and content are updated regularly. Feedback and corrections are welcomeMaklum balas dan pembetulan amat dialu-alukan — find me on Instagram at @vicwilliam or visitatau lawati myamateurradioguide.my.

Let's Connect on the AirJom Berhubung di Udara

Amateur radio thrives on community. If you're a licensed operator in Malaysia — or anywhere in the world — I'd love to make contact. Call me on any local VHF repeater, or chase me on HF when the band is open. Radio amatur hidup dengan komuniti. Kalau you dah berlesen di Malaysia — atau mana-mana negara — jom buat contact. Panggil kat repeater VHF tempatan, atau kejar kat HF bila band dah terbuka.

📡 9W2VSW

VHF/UHF · Klang Valley repeaters

QTH: Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan

New to amateur radio? Start with the 🇲🇾 Malaysian QSO tab for a complete walkthrough of a typical first contact, then work through the Q-Codes and Prowords tabs. The GPS repeater finder in the 🔁 MY Repeaters tab will help you find the nearest active repeater wherever you are.Baru dalam radio amatur? Mulakan dengan tab 🇲🇾 QSO Malaysia untuk panduan lengkap hubungan pertama, kemudian teruskan dengan tab Kod-Q dan Prokata. Pencari repeater GPS dalam tab 🔁 MY Repeater akan bantu anda cari repeater aktif terdekat di mana sahaja anda berada.

Send FeedbackHantar Maklum Balas

Found an error? Have a repeater update? Want to suggest something? Drop me a message — I read every one. Jumpa kesilapan? Ada kemaskini repeater? Nak cadangkan sesuatu? Hantar mesej — saya baca setiap satu.

✓ Message sent! Thank you — 73 de 9W2VSW ✓ Mesej dihantar! Terima kasih — 73 de 9W2VSW

Something went wrong. Please try again or email myamateurradiomy@gmail.com directly. Ada masalah. Sila cuba lagi atau emel terus ke myamateurradiomy@gmail.com.

Support This Project Sokong Projek Ini

This app is free, ad-free, and built entirely by one person in his spare time. If you're a radio equipment retailer, emergency preparedness brand, or simply someone who believes in what this is trying to do — I'd love to hear from you. Looking for partners, sponsors, and contributors to help keep this going and growing. App ini percuma, tanpa iklan, dan dibina sepenuhnya oleh seorang individu di masa lapangnya. Jika anda pembekal peralatan radio, jenama kecemasan, atau sekadar seseorang yang percaya dengan apa yang cuba dilakukan di sini — saya ingin mendengar daripada anda. Sedang mencari rakan kongsi, penaja, dan penyumbang untuk membantu projek ini terus berkembang.

📧 Email Me 📧 E-mel Saya

73 de 9W2VSW

Best regards — and welcome to the hobby.Salam mesra — dan selamat datang ke hobi ni.

All amateur radio operators in Malaysia must be licensed by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC / SKMM) under the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. Operating without a licence is illegal.Semua operator radio amatur di Malaysia mesti berlesen dengan Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (MCMC / SKMM) di bawah Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998. Beroperasi tanpa lesen adalah salah di sisi undang-undang.

Licence ClassesKelas Lesen

ClassKelas	Callsign	Min AgeUmur Min	ExamPeperiksaan	PowerKuasa	BandsJalur	PrerequisiteSyarat
Class C	9W3	12 yrs	35 Qs · 1 hr	25 W	VHF / UHF onlyVHF / UHF sahaja	NoneTiada
Class B	9W2	14 yrs	50 Qs · 1.5 hrs	50 W	HF + VHF / UHF	Hold Class C firstPerlu ada Kelas C dulu
Class A	9M2 / 9M6 / 9M8	15 yrs	50 Qs · 1.5 hrs	1,000 W	All amateur bandsSemua jalur amatur	Hold Class B ≥ 1 yearKelas B ≥ 1 tahun

No Morse code requirement for any Malaysian licence class. The path is Class C → Class B → Class A. Sit Class C first, then upgrade to Class B for full HF (international) privileges. Payment is made directly online during SEMS registration — exam vouchers are no longer used.Tiada keperluan kod Morse untuk mana-mana kelas lesen Malaysia. Laluan adalah Kelas C → Kelas B → Kelas A. Ambil Kelas C dulu, kemudian naik taraf ke Kelas B untuk keistimewaan HF penuh. Pembayaran dibuat terus dalam talian semasa pendaftaran SEMS — baucar peperiksaan tidak lagi digunakan.

📻 Not ready to get licensed yet? PMR446 walkie-talkies are legal to use in Malaysia without a licence — but on specific channels only. See the for full frequency details and legal requirements. 📻 Belum bersedia untuk dapat lesen? Walkie-talkie PMR446 adalah sah digunakan di Malaysia tanpa lesen — tetapi pada saluran tertentu sahaja. Lihat untuk butiran frekuensi dan keperluan undang-undang.

Two Documents You Need to Get on AirDua Dokumen Yang Anda Perlukan

1 — AROC

Amateur Radio Operator's CertificateSijil Operator Radio Amatur

Proof you passed the RAE. Issued by MCMC. Yours for life — never expires. Like a driving licence.Bukti lulus RAE. Dikeluarkan oleh MCMC. Milik anda seumur hidup — tak pernah luput. Macam lesen memandu.

2 — AA

Apparatus AssignmentApparatus Assignment (AA)

Your station licence + callsign. Renewed annually. Must be displayed at your station. Like road tax.Lesen stesen + callsign anda. Diperbaharui setiap tahun. Mesti dipamerkan di stesen. Macam cukai jalan.

Official MCMC FeesYuran Rasmi MCMC

RAE Exam FeeAll classes — direct online payment via SEMS portalYuran Peperiksaan RAESemua kelas — pembayaran terus dalam talian melalui SEMS

RM 50

Apparatus Assignment — Application FeeOne-time, all classesYuran Permohonan AASekali bayar, semua kelas

RM 60

AA Annual Renewal — Class CPembaharuan Tahunan AA — Kelas C

RM 12 / yrRM 12 / thn

AA Annual Renewal — Class BPembaharuan Tahunan AA — Kelas B

RM 24 / yrRM 24 / thn

AA Annual Renewal — Class APembaharuan Tahunan AA — Kelas A

RM 36 / yrRM 36 / thn

Total to get on air as Class BExam + Application + First YearJumlah untuk mula beroperasi Kelas BPeperiksaan + Permohonan + Tahun Pertama

~RM 134

Step-by-Step: Getting LicensedLangkah Demi Langkah: Cara Dapat Lesen

The Full Licensing Process — End to EndProses Perlesenan Penuh — Dari Mula ke Habis

Step 1Langkah 1

Download the Class C question bank free from the SEMS Knowledge Hub. Study for 2–4 weeks.Muat turun bank soalan Kelas C percuma dari SEMS Knowledge Hub. Belajar selama 2–4 minggu.

Step 2Langkah 2

Go to sems.mcmc.gov.my — create an account if you don't have one.Pergi ke sems.mcmc.gov.my — buat akaun jika belum ada.

Step 3Langkah 3

Click "Permohonan Peperiksaan", select your exam series and enter your IC/Passport number. Fill in the application form.Klik "Permohonan Peperiksaan", pilih siri peperiksaan dan masukkan nombor Kad Pengenalan/Pasport. Isi borang permohonan.

Step 4Langkah 4

Review your application summary, then make direct online payment. Sit and pass the Class C exam (35 questions, 1 hour). Apply for your Class C AROC and AA.Semak ringkasan permohonan anda, kemudian buat pembayaran terus dalam talian. Duduki dan lulus peperiksaan Kelas C (35 soalan, 1 jam). Mohon AROC dan AA Kelas C anda.

Step 5Langkah 5

Study the Class B question bank. Register via SEMS — click "Permohonan Peperiksaan", select Class B, and make direct online payment.Belajar bank soalan Kelas B. Daftar melalui SEMS — klik "Permohonan Peperiksaan", pilih Kelas B, dan buat pembayaran terus dalam talian.

Step 6Langkah 6

Sit and pass the Class B exam (50 questions, 1.5 hours, ≥60%). Apply for your Class B AROC.Duduki dan lulus peperiksaan Kelas B (50 soalan, 1.5 jam, ≥60%). Mohon AROC Kelas B anda.

Step 7Langkah 7

Apply for your Class B Apparatus Assignment — pay RM 60 + RM 24 first year.Mohon Apparatus Assignment Kelas B anda — bayar RM 60 + RM 24 tahun pertama.

Step 8Langkah 8

Receive your 9W2 callsign. Print AA. Display it at your station. Get on the air.Terima callsign 9W2 anda. Cetak AA. Paparkan di stesen anda. Mula beroperasi.

Exam centres: Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Melaka, Taiping, Kuantan, Kota Bharu, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu. Schedules posted on SEMS. Payment is made online during registration — no separate voucher purchase required. For enquiries: sems.admin@mcmc.gov.myPusat peperiksaan: Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Melaka, Taiping, Kuantan, Kota Bharu, Kuching, Kota Kinabalu. Jadual dipaparkan di SEMS. Pembayaran dibuat dalam talian semasa pendaftaran — tiada pembelian baucar berasingan diperlukan. Pertanyaan: sems.admin@mcmc.gov.my

What the RAE CoversApa Yang Dicakupi Dalam RAE

Basic Electronics

Voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance. Ohm's Law. Basic circuit theory and components.Voltan, arus, rintangan, kapasitans, induktans. Hukum Ohm. Teori litar asas dan komponen.

Radio Equipment

How transmitters, receivers, and transceivers work. Antenna theory, feedlines, SWR, impedance matching.Bagaimana pemancar, penerima, dan transceiver berfungsi. Teori antena, feedline, SWR, padanan impedans.

Propagation

How radio waves travel. Ionosphere, skip, ground wave, VHF/UHF line-of-sight. Band characteristics.Bagaimana gelombang radio bergerak. Ionosfera, skip, gelombang tanah, garisan pandangan VHF/UHF. Ciri-ciri jalur.

Regulations

Malaysian licence classes, callsign structure, MCMC rules, CMA 1998, ITU regulations, prohibited content.Kelas lesen Malaysia, struktur callsign, peraturan MCMC, CMA 1998, peraturan ITU, kandungan yang dilarang.

Operating Procedures

Q-codes, phonetics, RST system, net procedures, emergency protocols — everything covered in this app.Kod-Q, fonetik, sistem RST, prosedur net, protokol kecemasan — semua yang ada dalam app ini.

Safety

RF safety, electrical safety, antenna installation, interference prevention.Keselamatan RF, keselamatan elektrik, pemasangan antena, pencegahan gangguan.

The full question bank is publicly available — MCMC publishes every possible exam question online via the Knowledge Hub. No secret questions.Bank soalan penuh boleh didapati oleh umum — MCMC menerbitkan setiap soalan peperiksaan yang mungkin secara dalam talian melalui Knowledge Hub. Tiada soalan rahsia.

Official Links — Tap to OpenPautan Rasmi — Ketik untuk Buka

SEMS Portal

sems.mcmc.gov.my

Check Dates & CentresSemak Tarikh & Pusat

Exam Schedule

SEMS · ORAE Schedule

Free Study MaterialBahan Belajar Percuma

Knowledge Hub

Question bank · RAE prep

PDF DownloadMuat Turun PDF

SEMS User Guide

How to use the portal

Official MCMC InfoMaklumat Rasmi MCMC

MCMC Amateur Radio

mcmc.gov.my

PDF Download · OfficialMuat Turun PDF · Rasmi

Amateur Radio Handbook

MCMC · 1st Edition

📞 SEMS Helpdesk: 03 – 8688 8000 | ✉️ sems.admin@mcmc.gov.my

Ham radio communications in Malaysia follow international operating standards using Malaysian callsigns regulated by MCMC. Conversations use the NATO phonetic alphabet to exchange callsigns, signal reports, locations, and weather, and are heavily peppered with Q-codes — QTH for location, QSL for confirmation, and so on.Komunikasi radio ham di Malaysia mengikuti piawaian operasi antarabangsa menggunakan callsign Malaysia yang dikawal selia oleh MCMC. Perbualan menggunakan abjad fonetik NATO untuk bertukar callsign, laporan isyarat, lokasi dan cuaca, dan banyak menggunakan Kod-Q — QTH untuk lokasi, QSL untuk pengesahan, dan sebagainya.

A Typical Malaysian VHF/UHF Repeater QSO — Step by StepQSO Repeater VHF/UHF Malaysia Biasa — Langkah Demi Langkah

Step 1 — Initiating the Contact (Calling CQ)Langkah 1 — Mulakan Hubungan (Panggil CQ)

FirstPertama

Listen on the frequency for at least 10–15 seconds. Is anyone already using it?Dengar pada frekuensi sekurang-kurangnya 10–15 saat. Ada sesiapa yang sedang menggunakannya?

ThenKemudian

Transmit: "QRL?" — Are you using this frequency? Wait 5 seconds. No reply means it's clear.Hantar: "QRL?" — Adakah anda menggunakan frekuensi ini? Tunggu 5 saat. Tiada balasan bermaksud ia kosong.

Op 1

"CQ, CQ, CQ. This is 9M2ABC. Nine-Mike-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie. Calling CQ and listening on the local repeater.""CQ, CQ, CQ. Ini adalah 9M2ABC. Nine-Mike-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie. Memanggil CQ dan mendengar pada repeater tempatan."

Say CQ two or three times, then your callsign two or three times using full phonetics. End with "listening" or "standing by." Keep the whole call under 30 seconds. Then release PTT and wait.Sebut CQ dua atau tiga kali, kemudian callsign anda dua atau tiga kali menggunakan fonetik penuh. Habis dengan "listening" atau "standing by." Kekalkan panggilan di bawah 30 saat. Lepaskan PTT dan tunggu.

Step 2 — Answering the CallLangkah 2 — Jawab Panggilan

Op 2

"9M2ABC, this is 9W2XYZ. Nine-Whiskey-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu. Good afternoon — you're coming in loud and clear on the repeater. Over.""9M2ABC, ini adalah 9W2XYZ. Nine-Whiskey-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu. Selamat petang — anda masuk dengan kuat dan jelas melalui repeater. Over."

The responding station leads with the called station's callsign, then their own — always in that order. End with "Over" to hand the transmission back.Stesen yang menjawab sebut callsign stesen yang dipanggil dulu, kemudian callsign sendiri — sentiasa dalam urutan itu. Habis dengan "Over" untuk serahkan transmisi balik.

Step 3 — Exchanging Signal Reports and DetailsLangkah 3 — Bertukar Laporan Isyarat dan Maklumat

Op 1

"9W2XYZ, this is 9M2ABC. Thanks for the call. Your signal is five-and-nine — fully readable, very strong. My QTH is Subang Jaya, Selangor. Name here is Ahmad. Back to you.""9W2XYZ, ini adalah 9M2ABC. Terima kasih kerana menjawab. Isyarat anda lima-dan-sembilan — boleh dibaca sepenuhnya, sangat kuat. QTH saya Subang Jaya, Selangor. Nama saya Ahmad. Balik kepada anda."

Op 2

"9M2ABC, this is 9W2XYZ. Thanks for the report, Ahmad. Signal is good here too — five-and-nine. I'm located in Kuala Lumpur. Just chatting while waiting for the rain to stop! Over.""9M2ABC, ini adalah 9W2XYZ. Terima kasih atas laporan, Ahmad. Isyarat juga bagus di sini — lima-dan-sembilan. Saya di Kuala Lumpur. Sekadar berbual sambil tunggu hujan berhenti! Over."

Signal reports use the RS system on voice — Readability (1–5) and Signal Strength (1–9). "Five-nine" or "59" is the best possible report. QTH = your location. Always give your callsign at the start of every transmission.Laporan isyarat menggunakan sistem RS pada suara — Kebolehbacaan (1–5) dan Kekuatan Isyarat (1–9). "Five-nine" atau "59" adalah laporan terbaik. QTH = lokasi anda. Sentiasa bagi callsign anda di awal setiap transmisi.

Step 4 — Closing the ConversationLangkah 4 — Tutup Perbualan

Op 1

"9W2XYZ, this is 9M2ABC. Understood — thanks for the chat. 73 to you and your family. 9M2ABC, clear.""9W2XYZ, ini adalah 9M2ABC. Faham — terima kasih atas perbualan. 73 kepada anda dan keluarga. 9M2ABC, clear."

Op 2

"9M2ABC, this is 9W2XYZ. 73, Ahmad — looking forward to catching you on the air again. 9W2XYZ, out.""9M2ABC, ini adalah 9W2XYZ. 73, Ahmad — nantikan berjumpa anda di udara lagi. 9W2XYZ, out."

73 means "best regards" — the universal ham farewell. Never say "73s" — it is never pluralised. "Clear" means you are done but may still monitor. "Out" means you are closing the station completely.73 bermaksud "salam mesra" — ucapan selamat tinggal universal ham. Jangan kata "73s" — tak pernah jadi plural. "Clear" bermaksud anda dah selesai tapi mungkin masih monitor. "Out" bermaksud anda tutup stesen sepenuhnya.

Key Terms Used in the Exchange AboveIstilah Utama Dalam Perbualan Di Atas

General call — "I am seeking contact with any station." The starting point of every conversation.Panggilan umum — "Saya mencari hubungan dengan mana-mana stesen." Titik permulaan setiap perbualan.

QRL?

Is this frequency in use? Always ask before calling CQ. If someone replies "QRL" — move frequency.Adakah frekuensi ini sedang digunakan? Sentiasa tanya sebelum panggil CQ. Jika seseorang menjawab "QRL" — tukar frekuensi.

QTH

Location. "My QTH is Kuala Lumpur." One of the most common Q-codes in everyday use.Lokasi. "QTH saya Kuala Lumpur." Salah satu Kod-Q yang paling biasa digunakan.

Five-nine / 59

The best possible signal report — perfectly readable, extremely strong signal.Laporan isyarat terbaik yang mungkin — boleh dibaca dengan sempurna, isyarat sangat kuat.

Over

I have finished transmitting — your turn. Release PTT immediately after saying this.Saya telah selesai menghantar — giliran anda. Lepaskan PTT serta-merta selepas kata ini.

Best regards. The universal ham farewell. Never "73s."Salam mesra. Ucapan selamat tinggal universal ham. Jangan pernah kata "73s."

Malaysian Callsign Quick ReferenceRujukan Pantas Callsign Malaysia

9M2 / 9M6 / 9M8

Class A licence. 9M2 = Peninsular. 9M6 = Sabah. 9M8 = Sarawak. Full privileges, up to 1,000 W.Lesen Kelas A. 9M2 = Semenanjung. 9M6 = Sabah. 9M8 = Sarawak. Keistimewaan penuh, sehingga 1,000 W.

9W2

Class B licence — Peninsular Malaysia. Most common class. HF + VHF/UHF, up to 50 W.Lesen Kelas B — Semenanjung Malaysia. Kelas paling biasa. HF + VHF/UHF, sehingga 50 W.

9W3

Class C licence. Entry level, from age 12. VHF/UHF only, up to 25 W.Lesen Kelas C. Tahap permulaan, dari umur 12 tahun. VHF/UHF sahaja, sehingga 25 W.

Crucial Operating Rules in MalaysiaPeraturan Operasi Penting di Malaysia

Licensing

All operators must hold a valid MCMC licence and Apparatus Assignment. Class A requires holding Class B for minimum one year. No Morse code requirement for any Malaysian licence class.Semua operator mesti mempunyai lesen MCMC yang sah dan Apparatus Assignment. Kelas A memerlukan Kelas B sekurang-kurangnya satu tahun. Tiada keperluan kod Morse untuk mana-mana kelas lesen Malaysia.

Non-commercialBukan Komersial

No business transactions, no advertising, no selling on air.Tiada urusan perniagaan, tiada pengiklanan, tiada jualan di udara.

Content restrictionsSekatan Kandungan

Avoid politics, religion, and inappropriate language on air.Elakkan politik, agama, dan bahasa yang tidak sesuai di udara.

Identify alwaysSentiasa Kenal Diri

State your callsign at the start and end of every transmission. Every time.Nyatakan callsign anda di awal dan akhir setiap transmisi. Setiap kali.

EmergenciesKecemasan

Malaysian ham operators provide backup comms for Red Crescent, APM, and JPAM during disasters. Emergency traffic takes absolute priority on any frequency.Operator ham Malaysia menyediakan komunikasi sandaran untuk Bulan Sabit Merah, APM semasa bencana. Trafik kecemasan mengambil keutamaan mutlak pada mana-mana frekuensi.

Q-codes were developed in 1912 as shorthand for telegraph operators. In amateur radio they are used both as questions and as statements — context determines which. A Q-code followed by a question mark is a query; without it, a statement.Kod-Q dibangunkan pada tahun 1912 sebagai singkatan untuk operator telegraf. Dalam radio amatur ia digunakan sebagai soalan dan kenyataan — konteks menentukan yang mana. Kod-Q diikuti tanda soal adalah pertanyaan; tanpanya, ia adalah kenyataan.

Operating ConditionsKeadaan Operasi

QRM

Interference from other stations / man-made noise.Gangguan dari stesen lain / bunyi bising buatan manusia.

QRM? — Are you being interfered with? | QRM 3 — Moderate interference.QRM? — Adakah anda diganggu? | QRM 3 — Gangguan sederhana.

QRN

Atmospheric static / natural noise (thunder, precipitation).Statik atmosfera / bunyi semula jadi (guruh, hujan).

Heavy QRN on 40 metres tonight.QRN teruk pada 40 meter malam ini.

QRO

Increase transmitter power. / I am increasing power.Naikkan kuasa pemancar. / Saya sedang menaikkan kuasa.

QRO — going to 100 watts.QRO — pergi ke 100 watt.

QRP

Decrease transmitter power. / Low-power operation (typically ≤5 W).Kurangkan kuasa pemancar. / Operasi kuasa rendah (biasanya ≤5 W).

Running QRP — 5 watts and a wire antenna.Beroperasi QRP — 5 watt dan antena wayar.

QRQ

Send faster / Shall I send faster?Hantar lebih laju / Patut saya hantar lebih laju?

Used in CW (Morse code) operation.Digunakan dalam operasi CW (kod Morse).

QRS

Send more slowly / Shall I send more slowly?Hantar lebih perlahan / Patut saya hantar lebih perlahan?

Please QRS — new to CW.Sila QRS — baru dalam CW.

QRT

Stop transmitting. / I am closing my station.Berhenti transmisi. / Saya sedang menutup stesen saya.

QRT for the night — 73.QRT untuk malam ini — 73.

QRU

I have nothing for you. / Have you anything for me?Saya tiada apa-apa untuk anda. / Ada apa-apa untuk saya?

QRU — nothing further, standing by.QRU — tiada lagi, sedang tunggu.

QRV

I am ready. / Are you ready?Saya sedia. / Adakah anda sedia?

QRV on 145.500 — go ahead.QRV pada 145.500 — sila teruskan.

QRX

Stand by / I will call you again at [time].Tunggu / Saya akan hubungi anda semula pada [masa].

QRX 5 — back in five minutes.QRX 5 — kembali dalam lima minit.

QRZ

Who is calling me? / You are being called by [callsign].Siapa yang memanggil saya? / Anda dipanggil oleh [callsign].

QRZ? — used when a station is heard but not identified.QRZ? — digunakan apabila stesen didengar tapi tidak dikenal pasti.

QSB

Your signals are fading / Are my signals fading?Isyarat anda semakin lemah / Adakah isyarat saya semakin lemah?

Bad QSB on your signal — dropping in and out.QSB teruk pada isyarat anda — turun naik.

QSK

I can hear you between my signals / Break-in CW operating.Saya boleh dengar anda di antara isyarat saya / Operasi break-in CW.

Allows the other station to interrupt mid-transmission.Membolehkan stesen lain mencelah di pertengahan transmisi.

QSL

I acknowledge receipt. / Can you acknowledge receipt?Saya mengesahkan penerimaan. / Boleh anda mengesahkan penerimaan?

QSL — copy that, understood. Also: a QSL card is the confirmation postcard exchanged after a contact.QSL — faham, mengerti. Juga: kad QSL adalah poskad pengesahan yang ditukar selepas hubungan.

QSO

A two-way radio contact / communication.Hubungan / komunikasi radio dua hala.

Good QSO with 9M2XYZ this morning on 20 metres.QSO yang baik dengan 9M2XYZ pagi tadi pada 20 meter.

QSP

Relay this message to [callsign].Sampaikan mesej ini kepada [callsign].

QSP to 9W2ABC — can you pass this traffic?QSP kepada 9W2ABC — boleh anda sampaikan trafik ini?

QST

General call to all amateur stations. A broadcast to all.Panggilan umum kepada semua stesen amatur. Siaran kepada semua.

QST QST — MARTS emergency net now active.QST QST — Net kecemasan MARTS kini aktif.

QSX

I am listening on [frequency].Saya mendengar pada [frekuensi].

QSX 7.060 — listening on 7.060 MHz.QSX 7.060 — mendengar pada 7.060 MHz.

QSY

Change to another frequency / Shall we change frequency?Tukar ke frekuensi lain / Patut kita tukar frekuensi?

QSY to 145.325 — moving now.QSY ke 145.325 — bergerak sekarang.

QTH

My location is [place]. / What is your location?Lokasi saya ialah [tempat]. / Di mana lokasi anda?

My QTH is Shah Alam, Selangor.QTH saya ialah Shah Alam, Selangor.

QTR

What is the exact time? / The exact time is [time].Apakah masa tepat? / Masa tepat ialah [masa].

QTR? — QTR is 0830 UTC.QTR? — QTR ialah 0830 UTC.

Signal & PropagationIsyarat & Propagasi

QRA

What is the name (callsign) of your station?Apakah nama (callsign) stesen anda?

QRG

Tell me my exact frequency. / Your exact frequency is [freq].Beritahu saya frekuensi tepat saya. / Frekuensi tepat anda ialah [frekuensi].

QRH

Your frequency varies.Frekuensi anda tidak tetap.

QRI

The tone of your transmission is [1=Good, 2=Variable, 3=Bad].Nada transmisi anda ialah [1=Baik, 2=Berubah-ubah, 3=Buruk].

QRK

The intelligibility of your signals is [1–5]. Scale: 1=bad, 5=perfect.Kebolehfahaman isyarat anda ialah [1–5]. Skala: 1=buruk, 5=sempurna.

QRL

The frequency is busy. / Are you busy?Frekuensi ini sibuk. / Adakah anda sibuk?

QRL? — before transmitting to check if frequency is in use. If someone responds "QRL" — stand by, move on.QRL? — sebelum transmisi untuk semak sama ada frekuensi sedang digunakan. Jika seseorang menjawab "QRL" — tunggu, pindah ke frekuensi lain.

QRO

High power operation.Operasi kuasa tinggi.

QSA

Signal strength on scale 1–5.Kekuatan isyarat pada skala 1–5.

Message Handling & TrafficPengendalian Mesej & Trafik

QTC

I have [number] messages for you. / How many messages do you have?Saya ada [nombor] mesej untuk anda. / Berapa mesej yang anda ada?

QTC 3 — I have three messages to pass.QTC 3 — Saya ada tiga mesej untuk disampaikan.

QTF

Your position according to direction finding is [bearing].Kedudukan anda mengikut pencari arah ialah [bearing].

QUM

Normal working may be resumed.Operasi normal boleh disambung semula.

Used to end an emergency net or silence period.Digunakan untuk menamatkan net kecemasan atau tempoh senyap.

QUE

Can you communicate with [station] without interpreter?Boleh anda berkomunikasi dengan [stesen] tanpa jurubahasa?

Less Common but UsefulKurang Biasa Tapi Berguna

QAM

What is the latest weather observation?Apakah pemerhatian cuaca terkini?

QAP

Listen continuously on [frequency].Dengar secara berterusan pada [frekuensi].

QNI

May I join the net? / You may join the net.Boleh saya sertai net? / Anda boleh sertai net.

QNX

You are excused from the net.Anda dibebaskan dari net.

QSW

Will you transmit on [frequency]?Adakah anda akan transmit pada [frekuensi]?

QTX

I will keep my station open for further communication.Saya akan kekalkan stesen saya terbuka untuk komunikasi selanjutnya.

QUA

Have you news of [callsign]?Ada berita tentang [callsign]?

Prowords (procedure words) are standardised spoken words that replace longer instructions. Each has a precise meaning. Using them correctly marks you as a disciplined operator.Prokata (perkataan prosedur) adalah perkataan lisan yang diselaraskan untuk menggantikan arahan yang lebih panjang. Setiap satu mempunyai makna yang tepat. Menggunakannya dengan betul menunjukkan anda operator yang berdisiplin.

Standard ProwordsProkata Standard

AFFIRMATIVE

Yes. The correct response to a yes/no question.Ya. Jawapan yang betul untuk soalan ya/tidak.

Do not say "Yes" — say "Affirmative" or "Roger."Jangan kata "Yes" — kata "Affirmative" atau "Roger."

NEGATIVE

No. That is not correct.Tidak. Itu tidak betul.

ROGER

I have received and understood your last transmission.Saya telah terima dan faham transmisi anda yang lepas.

Does NOT mean agreement or yes — only receipt and understanding.BUKAN bermaksud setuju atau ya — hanya pengesahan terima dan faham.

WILCO

I have received, understood, and WILL COMPLY.Saya telah terima, faham, dan AKAN IKUT.

Wilco implies Roger — never say "Roger Wilco," it's redundant.Wilco sudah termasuk Roger — jangan kata "Roger Wilco," ia berulang.

COPY

I received your transmission clearly.Saya terima transmisi anda dengan jelas.

Copy that — your signal is good.Copy — isyarat anda baik.

OVER

My transmission is complete — your turn to transmit.Transmisi saya selesai — giliran anda untuk transmit.

Mandatory on simplex. Release PTT after saying OVER.Wajib pada simplex. Lepaskan PTT selepas kata OVER.

OUT

This conversation is finished. No reply expected.Perbualan ini selesai. Tiada jawapan dijangka.

Never say "Over and Out" — they are mutually exclusive.Jangan sekali-kali kata "Over and Out" — kedua-duanya bercanggah.

BREAK

I am separating the text of a message from other parts. / A pause in transmission.Saya memisahkan teks mesej dari bahagian lain. / Jeda dalam transmisi.

Name is Victor, break, QTH is Shah Alam, break...Nama ialah Victor, break, QTH ialah Shah Alam, break...

BREAK BREAK

Emergency interruption of a net or QSO. Priority traffic follows.Celahan kecemasan dalam net atau QSO. Trafik keutamaan mengikuti.

BREAK BREAK — 9W2ABC with emergency traffic.BREAK BREAK — 9W2ABC dengan trafik kecemasan.

SAY AGAIN

Please repeat your last transmission.Sila ulang transmisi anda yang lepas.

Never say "Repeat" on voice radio — "Repeat" has a specific artillery meaning in military comms. Use "Say Again."Jangan kata "Repeat" pada radio suara — "Repeat" mempunyai makna artileri khusus dalam komunikasi tentera. Guna "Say Again."

STANDBY

Wait. I will call you again.Tunggu. Saya akan hubungi anda semula.

Standby — switching antenna.Standby — sedang tukar antena.

WAIT

I must pause for a moment. Do not transmit.Saya perlu berhenti sebentar. Jangan transmit.

WAIT OUT

I must pause — I will call you back when ready.Saya perlu berhenti — saya akan hubungi anda semula bila sedia.

GO AHEAD

Proceed with your transmission.Teruskan transmisi anda.

9W2ABC — go ahead.9W2ABC — sila teruskan.

SEND IT / SEND

Informal: proceed with your message.Tidak formal: teruskan dengan mesej anda.

CORRECTION

I made an error — the correct version is what follows.Saya buat silap — versi yang betul adalah seperti berikut.

My grid square is correction, OJ11, correction, OI11...Grid square saya ialah correction, OJ11, correction, OI11...

I SAY AGAIN

I am repeating this intentionally for clarity.Saya mengulangi ini dengan sengaja untuk kejelasan.

NOTHING HEARD

I received no signal from the called station.Saya tidak terima sebarang isyarat dari stesen yang dipanggil.

UNKNOWN STATION

The identity of the station I am calling is unknown.Identiti stesen yang saya panggil tidak diketahui.

FIGURES

Numbers follow.Nombor mengikuti.

Figures 2-7 — meaning the number 27.Figures 2-7 — bermaksud nombor 27.

WORDS TWICE

Communication is difficult. Say every word or phrase twice.Komunikasi sukar. Sebut setiap perkataan atau frasa dua kali.

HOW DO YOU READ?

A radio check request. What is my signal quality?Permintaan semakan radio. Bagaimana kualiti isyarat saya?

READ YOU [1–5]

Response to a radio check. 1=unreadable, 5=perfectly readable.Respons kepada semakan radio. 1=tidak boleh dibaca, 5=boleh dibaca dengan sempurna.

Read you five-by-five — loud and clear.Baca anda lima-kali-lima — kuat dan jelas.

LOUD AND CLEAR

Signal strength and readability are both excellent. "Five-by-five."Kekuatan isyarat dan kebolehbacaan kedua-duanya cemerlang. "Five-by-five."

WEAK BUT READABLE

Low signal strength but understandable. Roughly S1–S3.Kekuatan isyarat rendah tapi boleh difahami. Lebih kurang S1–S3.

STRENGTH [1–9]

S-meter reading of received signal.Bacaan S-meter isyarat yang diterima.

A radio check confirms your radio is transmitting and receiving correctly. Always give your callsign. On amateur radio, identify every time you transmit.Semakan radio mengesahkan radio anda menghantar dan menerima dengan betul. Sentiasa bagi callsign anda. Dalam radio amatur, kenal pasti setiap kali anda transmit.

Basic Radio Check — Simplex (Direct)Semakan Radio Asas — Simplex (Terus)

Standard Radio Check (Voice / SSB / FM)Semakan Radio Standard (Suara / SSB / FM)

CallerPemanggil

CQ CQ CQ — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, radio check, over.CQ CQ CQ — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, semakan radio, over.

ResponseRespons

Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, this is Nine-Mike-Two-X-Y-Z. I read you five-by-five, loud and clear, over.Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, ini adalah Nine-Mike-Two-X-Y-Z. Saya baca anda lima-kali-lima, kuat dan jelas, over.

CallerPemanggil

Nine-Mike-Two-X-Y-Z, thank you for the report. You are also five-by-five. This is Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, out.Nine-Mike-Two-X-Y-Z, terima kasih atas laporan. Anda juga lima-kali-lima. Ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, out.

Always state your callsign at the beginning and end of every transmission. On FM/VHF repeaters, you may shorten this to just your callsign and "radio check."Sentiasa nyatakan callsign anda di awal dan akhir setiap transmisi. Pada repeater FM/VHF, anda boleh ringkaskan kepada callsign dan "radio check" sahaja.

Quick Simplex Check (Repeater or Local)Semakan Simplex Pantas (Repeater atau Tempatan)

CallerPemanggil

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — radio check.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — semakan radio.

ResponseRespons

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, copy you loud and clear. Five-nine here.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, terima anda kuat dan jelas. Lima-sembilan di sini.

CallerPemanggil

Roger — thank you. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.Roger — terima kasih. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.

Radio Check via RepeaterSemakan Radio Melalui Repeater

Accessing a Repeater + Radio CheckAkses Repeater + Semakan Radio

Caller

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — monitoring. [brief key-up to activate repeater]Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — monitoring. [tekan PTT sebentar untuk aktifkan repeater]

Caller

Any station — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, radio check on this repeater, over.Mana-mana stesen — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, semakan radio pada repeater ini, over.

ResponseRespons

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, this is Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — good signal through the repeater, full quieting, over.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, ini adalah Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — isyarat baik melalui repeater, full quieting, over.

Caller

Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ, roger — thank you. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ, roger — terima kasih. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.

"Full quieting" means the FM signal is so strong the repeater's squelch opens cleanly with no noise. "Noisy" or "with noise" means the signal is marginal."Full quieting" bermaksud isyarat FM sangat kuat sehingga squelch repeater terbuka bersih tanpa bunyi bising. "Noisy" atau "with noise" bermaksud isyarat berada di had.

Radio Check Signal Report VocabularyKosa Kata Laporan Isyarat Semakan Radio

FIVE BY FIVE

Readability 5, Strength 5. Perfect signal. Best possible report.

LOUD AND CLEAR

Equivalent to five-by-five in plain English.Setara dengan five-by-five dalam bahasa biasa.

FULL QUIETING

FM-specific. Signal is so strong the background noise is completely suppressed.Khusus FM. Isyarat sangat kuat sehingga bunyi latar belakang ditekan sepenuhnya.

READABLE

Can be understood, though signal may be imperfect.Boleh difahami, walaupun isyarat mungkin tidak sempurna.

WEAK BUT READABLE

Low S-meter reading but decipherable. Keep transmissions brief.Bacaan S-meter rendah tapi boleh difahami. Pastikan transmisi ringkas.

NOISY

Signal is present but background noise is audible. Marginal conditions.Isyarat ada tapi bunyi latar belakang boleh didengari. Keadaan tidak menentu.

SCRATCHY

Signal is breaking up, inconsistent. Often due to mobile operation or weak signal.Isyarat terputus-putus, tidak konsisten. Sering disebabkan operasi mudah alih atau isyarat lemah.

UNREADABLE

Signal detected but content cannot be understood. RST readability = 1.Isyarat dikesan tapi kandungan tidak boleh difahami. Kebolehbacaan RST = 1.

NOTHING HEARD

No signal detected at all.Tiada isyarat dikesan langsung.

DESENSED

A strong nearby signal is overloading the receiver, blocking weaker signals.Isyarat kuat berdekatan membebankan penerima, menyekat isyarat yang lebih lemah.

MOBILE / PORTABLE

Indicates you are operating from a vehicle (mobile) or hand-held on foot (portable). Signals this to the other party.Menunjukkan anda beroperasi dari kenderaan (mobil) atau pegang tangan semasa berjalan (portable). Memberitahu pihak lain tentang ini.

CW (Morse) Radio CheckSemakan Radio CW (Morse)

CW Check-In (abbreviated)Daftar Masuk CW (diringkaskan)

Caller

CQ CQ DE 9W2ABC 9W2ABC PSE KCQ CQ DE 9W2ABC 9W2ABC PSE K

ResponseRespons

9W2ABC DE 9M2XYZ UR RST 599 599 QTH KL QTH KL AR9W2ABC DE 9M2XYZ UR RST 599 599 QTH KL QTH KL AR

Caller

9M2XYZ DE 9W2ABC TU RST 579 579 73 SK9M2XYZ DE 9W2ABC TU RST 579 579 73 SK

DE = "from" in CW. K = go ahead. AR = end of message. SK = end of contact. PSE = please. TU = thank you. UR = your.DE = "dari" dalam CW. K = teruskan. AR = akhir mesej. SK = akhir hubungan. PSE = tolong. TU = terima kasih. UR = anda punya.

RST stands for Readability–Signal–Tone. It is the standard signal report system used worldwide. On phone (voice) only R and S are used (RS). On CW (Morse) all three are used (RST).RST bermaksud Kebolehbacaan–Isyarat–Nada. Ia adalah sistem laporan isyarat standard yang digunakan di seluruh dunia. Pada fon (suara) hanya R dan S digunakan (RS). Pada CW (Morse) ketiga-tiga digunakan (RST).

R — Readability (1–5)R — Kebolehbacaan (1–5)

UnreadableTidak boleh dibaca

Barely readable, occasional words distinguishableHampir tidak boleh dibaca, kadang-kadang perkataan boleh dibezakan

Readable with considerable difficultyBoleh dibaca dengan kesukaran yang ketara

Readable with practically no difficultyBoleh dibaca dengan hampir tiada kesukaran

Perfectly readableBoleh dibaca dengan sempurna

S — Signal Strength (1–9)S — Kekuatan Isyarat (1–9)

Faint, barely perceptibleLemah, hampir tidak dapat dirasai

Very weakSangat lemah

WeakLemah

FairSederhana

Fairly goodAgak baik

GoodBaik

Moderately strongSederhana kuat

StrongKuat

Extremely strong signalIsyarat sangat kuat

T — Tone (1–9, CW only)T — Nada (1–9, CW sahaja)

Extremely rough, hissing noteSangat kasar, bunyi desisan

Very rough AC note, no trace of musicalityNota AC sangat kasar, tiada kemusikalan

Rough, low-pitched AC note, slightly musicalNota AC kasar, nada rendah, sedikit bermusik

Rather rough AC note, moderately musicalNota AC agak kasar, sederhana bermusik

Musically modulated noteNota bermodulasi bermusik

Modulated note, slight trace of whistleNota bermodulasi, sedikit bunyi wisel

Near DC note, slight trace of rippleHampir nota DC, sedikit riak

Good DC note, just a trace of rippleNota DC baik, sedikit kesan riak

Perfect DC note — pure toneNota DC sempurna — nada tulen

How to Read and Give RST ReportsCara Baca dan Bagi Laporan RST

59 (Five-Nine)

The ideal phone report. Perfectly readable, extremely strong signal. The "gold standard."Laporan telefon yang ideal. Boleh dibaca sempurna, isyarat sangat kuat. Piawaian terbaik.

Your RST is five-nine. / UR 59.RST anda ialah five-nine. / UR 59.

599 (Five-Nine-Nine)

The ideal CW report. Perfectly readable, strongest signal, pure tone.Laporan CW yang ideal. Boleh dibaca sempurna, isyarat terkuat, nada tulen.

In contests, 599 is given almost universally — it's a formality. Don't read too much into it.Dalam pertandingan, 599 diberikan hampir secara universal — ia sekadar formaliti. Jangan terlalu serius.

Perfectly readable but only fair signal strength. Common on marginal HF paths.Boleh dibaca sempurna tapi kekuatan isyarat sederhana sahaja. Biasa pada laluan HF yang lemah.

Readable with difficulty, weak signal. You're getting through but barely.Boleh dibaca dengan kesukaran, isyarat lemah. Anda dapat masuk tapi susah.

Perfectly readable, moderately strong. A solid signal.Isyarat yang kukuh.

S9+

Signal exceeds S9. May be expressed as "S9 plus 20dB" or "20 over S9."Isyarat melebihi S9. Boleh dinyatakan sebagai "S9 plus 20dB" atau "20 over S9."

You're 20 over nine here — very loud.Anda 20 atas sembilan di sini — sangat kuat.

S-Meter ReferenceRujukan S-Meter

On HF: each S-unit = 6 dB difference in signal power. S9 = reference 50µV at the antenna terminal. On VHF/UHF: S9 = 5µV. S-meters vary between radios — treat them as relative guides, not absolute measurements.Pada HF: setiap unit-S = perbezaan 6 dB dalam kuasa isyarat. S9 = rujukan 50µV di terminal antena. Pada VHF/UHF: S9 = 5µV. S-meter berbeza antara radio — anggap sebagai panduan relatif, bukan ukuran mutlak.

The NATO Phonetic Alphabet is the standard for amateur radio. Use it when spelling callsigns, names, or any critical information where letters could be confused (e.g., B/D/E/P/T/V all sound similar over a noisy circuit).Abjad Fonetik NATO adalah standard untuk radio amatur. Gunakannya semasa mengeja callsign, nama, atau mana-mana maklumat kritikal di mana huruf boleh mengelirukan (contohnya, B/D/E/P/T/V semua kedengaran serupa pada litar yang berbunyi bising).

NATO Phonetic Alphabet — Full TableAbjad Fonetik NATO — Jadual Penuh

Alpha

AL-fah

Bravo

BRAH-voh

Charlie

CHAR-lee

Delta

DELL-tah

Echo

ECK-oh

Foxtrot

FOKS-trot

Golf

GOLF

Hotel

HOH-tell

India

IN-dee-ah

Juliet

JEW-lee-et

Kilo

KEY-loh

Lima

LEE-mah

Mike

MIKE

November

no-VEM-ber

Oscar

OSS-car

Papa

PAH-pah

Quebec

keh-BECK

Romeo

ROW-me-oh

Sierra

see-AIR-ah

Tango

TANG-go

Uniform

YOU-nee-form

Victor

VIK-tah

Whiskey

WISS-key

X-ray

ECKS-ray

Yankee

YANG-key

Zulu

ZOO-loo

Numerals — Standard PronunciationNombor — Sebutan Standard

Zero

ZE-ro

One

WUN

Two

TOO

Three

TREE

Four

FOW-er

Five

FIFE

Six

SIX

Seven

SEV-en

Eight

AIT

Nine

NIN-er

Say each digit individually: 145.500 MHz is spoken as "one-four-five, decimal, five-zero-zero." Never say "one forty-five-five." Avoid ambiguity at all times.Sebut setiap digit secara berasingan: 145.500 MHz disebut "one-four-five, decimal, five-zero-zero." Jangan kata "one forty-five-five." Elakkan kekeliruan pada setiap masa.

Example: Spelling a Malaysian CallsignContoh: Mengeja Callsign Malaysia

Callsign 9W2ABC spoken correctly

Say:

Niner-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie

Never say "Nine-W-Two-A-B-C." Always use full phonetics for letters. For numbers in callsigns, use the ITU phonetic numerals (niner, not nine).Jangan kata "Nine-W-Two-A-B-C." Sentiasa guna fonetik penuh untuk huruf. Untuk nombor dalam callsign, guna nombor fonetik ITU (niner, bukan nine).

Ham radio has a long tradition of numeric shorthand. Many originate from the Morse code era's "Phillips Code" (1879) and the old landline telegraph. They survive because they're fast, universal, and recognised across language barriers.

Traditional Ham Numeric CodesKod Nombor Ham Tradisional

Best regards. The universal ham farewell. Used at the end of every contact.Salam mesra. Ucapan selamat tinggal universal ham. Digunakan di hujung setiap hubungan.

73 de 9W2ABC — best regards from 9W2ABC.73 de 9W2ABC — salam mesra dari 9W2ABC.

Love and kisses. Sent between operators who know each other well, or to a YL/XYL. Do not send to strangers.Kasih sayang. Dihantar antara operator yang rapat, atau kepada YL/XYL. Jangan hantar kepada orang yang tidak dikenali.

Friendly greetings between female operators (YL to YL). Less common than 73.Salam mesra antara operator wanita (YL kepada YL). Kurang biasa dari 73.

Good luck. Used at the end of a contest or special event QSO.Semoga berjaya. Digunakan di hujung QSO pertandingan atau acara khas.

Get off the air / Go away. A hostile code — use only in extreme provocation. Rarely heard.Pergi dari udara / Pergi jauh. Kod bermusuhan — guna hanya dalam provokasi melampau. Jarang didengari.

Common Ham Abbreviations (Spoken & CW)Singkatan Ham Biasa (Lisan & CW)

Old Man — friendly form of address for any male operator regardless of age.Lelaki Lama — bentuk sapaan mesra untuk mana-mana operator lelaki tanpa mengira umur.

Good morning, OM — how are you today?Selamat pagi, OM — apa khabar anda hari ini?

Young Lady — address for any female operator. Not age-related.Wanita Muda — sapaan untuk mana-mana operator wanita. Tiada kaitan dengan umur.

XYL

Ex-Young Lady — an operator's wife or life partner.Bekas Wanita Muda — isteri atau pasangan hidup operator.

My XYL is calling me for dinner — QRT soon.XYL saya panggil untuk makan malam — QRT tidak lama lagi.

XYL/OM

Spouse. Often used to explain a limited operating time.Pasangan. Sering digunakan untuk menjelaskan masa operasi yang terhad.

And. From CW shorthand (& = ES).Dan. Dari singkatan CW (& = ES).

Name is Victor es QTH is Shah Alam.Nama ialah Victor es QTH ialah Shah Alam.

From. Used to identify the transmitting station.Dari. Digunakan untuk mengenal pasti stesen yang transmit.

CQ de 9W2ABC — CQ from 9W2ABC.CQ de 9W2ABC — CQ dari 9W2ABC.

UR / U

Your.Anda.

How? / How copy? — a readability check.Macam mana? / Macam mana copy? — semakan kebolehbacaan.

Go ahead. Or Good Afternoon depending on context.Sila teruskan. Atau Selamat Tengah Hari bergantung pada konteks.

GM / GE / GN

Good Morning / Good Evening / Good Night.Selamat Pagi / Selamat Petang / Selamat Malam.

PSE / PLS

Please.Sila.

TU / TKS

Thank you / Thanks.Terima kasih.

Weather.Cuaca.

WX here is hot and humid — typical KL afternoon.WX di sini panas dan lembap — petang KL yang biasa.

ANT

Antenna.Antena.

RIG

Radio transceiver / station equipment.Radio transceiver / peralatan stesen.

My rig is an Icom IC-7300.Rig saya ialah Icom IC-7300.

XCVR

Transceiver.Transceiver.

PWR / WATTS

Power output in watts.Output kuasa dalam watt.

HF / VHF / UHF

High Frequency (3–30 MHz) / Very High Frequency (30–300 MHz) / Ultra High Frequency (300 MHz–3 GHz).Frekuensi Tinggi (3–30 MHz) / Frekuensi Sangat Tinggi (30–300 MHz) / Frekuensi Ultra Tinggi (300 MHz–3 GHz).

FREQ / F

Frequency.Frekuensi.

Fine Business — expression of approval or agreement. "That's FB!"Perniagaan Baik — ungkapan kelulusan atau persetujuan. "Bagus tu!"

HI HI

Laughter — the CW and voice equivalent of "ha ha." Light-hearted.Ketawa — setara CW dan suara untuk "ha ha." Ringan hati.

SRI

Sorry.Maaf.

RPT

Repeat / I repeat. (In CW/text context — not voice.)Ulang / Saya ulang. (Dalam konteks CW/teks — bukan suara.)

RAGCHEW

A long, casual conversational QSO with no particular purpose except enjoyment.QSO perbualan santai yang panjang tanpa tujuan khusus selain seronok.

ELMER

A mentor — an experienced operator who guides a newcomer.Mentor — operator berpengalaman yang membimbing pendatang baru.

LID

A poor operator — someone who uses bad technique or etiquette. Mildly derogatory.Operator yang lemah — seseorang yang menggunakan teknik atau etika yang buruk. Sedikit merendah.

RUBBER DUCK

The flexible whip antenna on a handheld radio. Commonly used, not very efficient.Antena whip fleksibel pada radio pegang tangan. Biasa digunakan, tidak begitu cekap.

SHACK

Your radio room / operating station.Bilik radio anda / stesen operasi.

Come visit my shack — I've just installed a new antenna.Jom lawat shack saya — saya baru pasang antena baru.

BOAT ANCHOR

An old, heavy, classic radio. Said affectionately.Radio lama, berat, klasik. Diucapkan dengan penuh kasih sayang.

CQ adalah panggilan umum kepada mana-mana stesen. Ia bermaksud "mencari anda" — saya mencari hubungan dengan sesiapa yang mendengar saya. Panggilan CQ adalah kemahiran asas. Jika dilakukan dengan betul ia cekap; jika tidak, ia membazirkan masa udara.CQ adalah panggilan umum kepada mana-mana stesen. Ia bermaksud "seek you" — saya mencari hubungan dengan sesiapa yang mendengar saya. Panggilan CQ adalah kemahiran asas. Dilakukan dengan betul ia cekap; dilakukan dengan teruk ia membazir masa udara.

CQ Calling — Voice (Phone)Panggilan CQ — Suara (Telefon)

Standard CQ Call — SSB / FMPanggilan CQ Standard — SSB / FM

Caller

CQ CQ CQ — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, calling CQ and standing by.CQ CQ CQ — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie, memanggil CQ dan menunggu.

Response

Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie — this is Nine-Mike-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu, over.Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie — ini adalah Nine-Mike-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu, over.

Caller

Nine-Mike-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu, good morning and thank you for coming back. You are five-nine here in Shah Alam, Selangor. My name is Victor, Victor. How copy? Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, over.Nine-Mike-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu, selamat pagi dan terima kasih kerana menjawab. Anda lima-sembilan di sini di Shah Alam, Selangor. Nama saya Victor, Victor. Macam mana copy? Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, over.

CQ is said 2–3 times. Your callsign 2–3 times. End with "standing by" or "over." Keep it under 30 seconds. Don't call CQ repeatedly without pausing to listen.CQ disebut 2–3 kali. Callsign anda 2–3 kali. Habis dengan "standing by" atau "over." Pastikan di bawah 30 saat. Jangan panggil CQ berulang kali tanpa berhenti untuk dengar.

Directed CQ — Calling a Specific Area or RegionCQ Terarah — Panggil Kawasan atau Wilayah Tertentu

Caller

CQ East Malaysia — CQ East Malaysia — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, calling CQ East Malaysia and standing by.CQ Malaysia Timur — CQ Malaysia Timur — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, memanggil CQ Malaysia Timur dan menunggu.

A directed CQ filters responses. Other stations should stand by unless they fit the directed region, contest, or category.CQ terarah menapis respons. Stesen lain perlu tunggu kecuali mereka sesuai dengan wilayah, pertandingan, atau kategori yang ditetapkan.

CQ DX — Calling for Distance ContactsCQ DX — Panggil untuk Hubungan Jarak Jauh

Caller

CQ DX CQ DX — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, CQ DX, standing by.CQ DX CQ DX — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, CQ DX, menunggu.

"CQ DX" signals that you are seeking international contacts only. Local stations should not respond to a CQ DX call."CQ DX" memberi isyarat bahawa anda hanya mencari hubungan antarabangsa. Stesen tempatan tidak perlu menjawab panggilan CQ DX.

CQ Calling — CW (Morse Code)Panggilan CQ — CW (Kod Morse)

Standard CW CQCQ CW Standard

Send:Hantar:

CQ CQ CQ DE 9W2ABC 9W2ABC 9W2ABC KCQ CQ CQ DE 9W2ABC 9W2ABC 9W2ABC K

K = any station, go ahead. KN = only the called station, go ahead. CQ DX DE 9W2ABC K = DX-only call. Pause and listen between calls. Never transmit without pausing.K = mana-mana stesen, teruskan. KN = hanya stesen yang dipanggil, teruskan. CQ DX DE 9W2ABC K = panggilan DX sahaja. Henti dan dengar antara panggilan. Jangan hantar tanpa berhenti.

Frequency Checking Before TransmittingSemak Frekuensi Sebelum Menghantar

Always Check if a Frequency is in UseSentiasa Semak Sama Ada Frekuensi Sedang Digunakan

Step 1Langkah 1

Listen for at least 10–15 seconds. Do you hear anything?Dengar sekurang-kurangnya 10–15 saat. Ada bunyi?

Step 2Langkah 2

Transmit: "QRL?" — Is this frequency in use?Hantar: "QRL?" — Adakah frekuensi ini sedang digunakan?

Step 3Langkah 3

If no reply after 5 seconds, the frequency is likely clear. Proceed with your CQ.Jika tiada balasan selepas 5 saat, frekuensi kemungkinan besar kosong. Teruskan dengan CQ anda.

Step 4Langkah 4

If someone replies "QRL" or "Yes" — move to another frequency.Jika seseorang menjawab "QRL" atau "Ya" — pindah ke frekuensi lain.

This is basic courtesy. Failing to check before transmitting is the mark of a poor operator.Ini adalah budi bahasa asas. Gagal semak sebelum menghantar adalah tanda operator yang lemah.

Ending a QSOTamatkan QSO

Closing a Contact — Standard FormatTutup Hubungan — Format Standard

EitherMana-mana

Well, it's been a pleasure — I'll let you go. Thanks for the QSO and the report. Hope to hear you again. This is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.Seronok berbual — saya persilakan anda pergi. Terima kasih atas QSO dan laporan. Harap jumpa lagi. Ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.

OtherPihak Lain

Likewise — thanks for the contact. Seventy-three, Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ, clear.Sama-sama — terima kasih atas hubungan. Tujuh puluh tiga, Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ, clear.

On FM: say "clear" when you're done. On SSB: "73, QRZ?" invites further contacts after closing. On CW: SK = end of contact. CL = closing station completely.Pada FM: kata "clear" bila dah selesai. Pada SSB: "73, QRZ?" menjemput hubungan selanjutnya selepas tutup. Pada CW: SK = akhir hubungan. CL = tutup stesen sepenuhnya.

A repeater receives on one frequency and retransmits on another (offset) simultaneously, extending range dramatically. Most Malaysian VHF/UHF activity happens through repeaters. Some require a CTCSS tone (sub-audible access tone) to open.Repeater menerima pada satu frekuensi dan memancar semula pada frekuensi lain (offset) secara serentak, melanjutkan julat secara dramatik. Kebanyakan aktiviti VHF/UHF Malaysia berlaku melalui repeater. Sesetengah memerlukan nada CTCSS (nada akses sub-audible) untuk dibuka.

Accessing & Using a RepeaterAkses & Guna Repeater

Joining a Repeater — MonitoringSertai Repeater — Monitoring

Step 1Langkah 1

Tune to the repeater's output frequency. Set correct CTCSS tone if required.Tuning kepada frekuensi output repeater. Set nada CTCSS yang betul jika diperlukan.

Step 2Langkah 2

Listen before transmitting. Is a QSO in progress?Dengar sebelum menghantar. Adakah QSO sedang berlangsung?

Check inDaftar Masuk

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — monitoring.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — monitoring.

"Monitoring" tells others on the repeater you are listening. No reply is expected."Monitoring" memberitahu orang lain di repeater bahawa anda sedang mendengar. Tiada balasan dijangka.

Calling CQ Through a RepeaterPanggil CQ Melalui Repeater

Caller

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — calling CQ through this repeater. Any station, over.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC — memanggil CQ melalui repeater ini. Mana-mana stesen, over.

Response

Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, this is Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — good evening, over.Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, ini adalah Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — selamat petang, over.

Interrupting an Ongoing QSO (Breaking In)Mengganggu QSO Sedang Berlangsung (Break In)

Break-inBreak-in

[Wait for a pause between transmissions, then:] Break — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.[Tunggu jeda antara transmisi, kemudian:] Break — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

Net/QSONet/QSO

Go ahead, Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.Teruskan, Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

Never break in during a transmission. Wait for the pause (the "kerchunk" of the repeater re-keying). Say only your callsign — not "break break" unless it's an emergency.Jangan ganggu semasa transmisi. Tunggu jeda ("kerchunk" repeater re-keying). Sebut callsign anda sahaja — bukan "break break" kecuali kecemasan.

Repeater-Specific TermsIstilah Khusus Repeater

KERCHUNK

The sound (or act) of briefly keying a repeater without identifying. Considered bad practice — always identify.Bunyi (atau perbuatan) menekan repeater secara ringkas tanpa mengidentifikasi. Dianggap amalan buruk — sentiasa kenal pasti.

FULL QUIETING

Signal is strong enough to fully suppress FM noise. Best possible signal into a repeater.Isyarat cukup kuat untuk menekan sepenuhnya bunyi bising FM. Isyarat terbaik ke repeater.

DESENSED

A strong nearby transmitter is overloading the repeater's receiver, blocking weaker signals.Pemancar kuat berdekatan membebankan penerima repeater, menyekat isyarat yang lebih lemah.

CTCSS

Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System — a sub-audible access tone required by some repeaters to prevent opening by noise. Also called PL tone.Sistem Squelch Berkod Nada Berterusan — nada akses sub-audible yang diperlukan oleh sesetengah repeater untuk mencegah pembukaan oleh bunyi bising. Juga dipanggil nada PL.

OFFSET

The frequency difference between a repeater's input (transmit) and output (receive) frequencies. Standard VHF offset: ±600 kHz. UHF: ±5 MHz.Perbezaan frekuensi antara frekuensi input (transmit) dan output (terima) repeater. Offset standard VHF: ±600 kHz. UHF: ±5 MHz.

TAIL

The brief transmission (often a beep or tone) a repeater emits after a station stops transmitting, confirming it received the signal. Also called "courtesy tone."Transmisi ringkas (sering bunyi bip atau nada) yang repeater keluarkan selepas stesen berhenti transmit, mengesahkan ia menerima isyarat. Juga dipanggil "courtesy tone."

LINKED

Connected to other repeaters via RF link or internet (EchoLink, IRLP). Traffic passes between locations.Disambungkan kepada repeater lain melalui pautan RF atau internet (EchoLink, IRLP). Trafik disampaikan antara lokasi.

ECHOLINK

System connecting repeaters or individual stations via VoIP over the internet. Allows worldwide links.Sistem yang menyambungkan repeater atau stesen individu melalui VoIP melalui internet. Membolehkan pautan seluruh dunia.

IRLP

Internet Radio Linking Project — similar to EchoLink for linking repeaters globally.Projek Pautan Radio Internet — serupa dengan EchoLink untuk menyambungkan repeater secara global.

A net is a scheduled, organised on-air meeting of amateur radio stations. Nets may be social (ragchew), informational (news), training, or operational (emergency). All have a Net Control Station (NCS) who manages traffic.Net adalah mesyuarat udara yang dijadualkan dan teratur bagi stesen radio amatur. Net boleh bersifat sosial (ragchew), maklumat (berita), latihan, atau operasi (kecemasan). Semua ada Net Control Station (NCS) yang menguruskan trafik.

Net Control ProceduresProsedur Kawalan Net

Opening a NetBuka Net

NCSNCS

QST QST QST — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, Net Control for the [MARTS / Emergency / Weekly] net. The net is now open on [frequency]. All stations wishing to check in, please stand by for net control to call. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, net control standing by.QST QST QST — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, Kawalan Net untuk net [MARTS / Kecemasan / Mingguan]. Net kini terbuka pada [frekuensi]. Semua stesen yang ingin daftar masuk, sila tunggu panggilan kawalan net. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, kawalan net menunggu.

Calling for Check-InsPanggil Daftar Masuk

NCSNCS

Any stations wishing to check in to the net, please come now — go ahead.Mana-mana stesen yang ingin daftar masuk ke net, sila datang sekarang — teruskan.

Station AStesen A

Nine-Mike-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie.Nine-Mike-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie.

Station BStesen B

Nine-Whiskey-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu.Nine-Whiskey-Two-X-ray-Yankee-Zulu.

NCS

Copies Nine-Mike-Two-ABC and Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ. Any further check-ins?Dapat Nine-Mike-Two-ABC dan Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ. Ada lagi yang ingin daftar masuk?

When checking in, transmit your callsign only. Wait to be acknowledged before giving your name, location, or traffic. Do not double (transmit simultaneously with another station).Bila daftar masuk, hantar callsign anda sahaja. Tunggu diakui sebelum bagi nama, lokasi, atau trafik. Jangan double (hantar serentak dengan stesen lain).

Passing Traffic Through the NetHantar Trafik Melalui Net

NCS

Nine-Mike-Two-ABC — do you have any traffic?Nine-Mike-Two-ABC — ada trafik untuk disampaikan?

Stn AStn A

Nine-Mike-Two-ABC — no traffic, no comments, thank you for the net.Nine-Mike-Two-ABC — tiada trafik, tiada komen, terima kasih atas net.

NCS

Roger. Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ — do you have any traffic?Roger. Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ — ada trafik untuk disampaikan?

Stn BStn B

Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ — I have one item for the net. [passes information] Back to net control.Nine-Whiskey-Two-XYZ — saya ada satu perkara untuk net. [sampaikan maklumat] Balik kepada kawalan net.

Closing a NetTutup Net

NCS

Hearing no further check-ins and no further traffic — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, net control, formally closing the [Net Name]. The net had [number] check-ins. All stations are released. Normal operations may resume on this frequency. Seventy-three — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.Tiada lagi daftar masuk dan tiada lagi trafik — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, kawalan net, menutup rasmi [Nama Net]. Net ini mempunyai [nombor] daftar masuk. Semua stesen dibebaskan. Operasi biasa boleh disambung semula pada frekuensi ini. Tujuh puluh tiga — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, clear.

Net TerminologyIstilah Net

NCS

Net Control Station. Manages the net, calls roll, passes traffic, maintains order.Stesen Kawalan Net. Menguruskan net, memanggil kehadiran, menyampaikan trafik, mengekalkan ketenteraman.

CHECK IN

Joining the net by transmitting your callsign when invited by NCS.Menyertai net dengan transmit callsign anda apabila dijemput oleh NCS.

CHECK OUT

Formally leaving the net during the session.Meninggalkan net secara rasmi semasa sesi.

TRAFFIC

Any message, announcement, or information to be passed through the net.Mana-mana mesej, pengumuman, atau maklumat yang perlu disampaikan melalui net.

DOUBLE

Two stations transmitting simultaneously — results in interference, neither is intelligible. "You're doubling with someone."Dua stesen transmit serentak — mengakibatkan gangguan, kedua-duanya tidak boleh difahami. "Anda doubling dengan seseorang."

STANDBY

Wait — net control will get to you.Tunggu — kawalan net akan sampai kepada anda.

LIAISON

A station that connects two nets or passes traffic between frequencies.Stesen yang menyambungkan dua net atau menyampaikan trafik antara frekuensi.

Emergency communications take absolute priority on any frequency. All non-emergency traffic must immediately cease. There is NO hierarchy of permission — any operator may declare an emergency or relay emergency traffic.Komunikasi kecemasan mengambil keutamaan mutlak pada mana-mana frekuensi. Semua trafik bukan kecemasan mesti berhenti serta-merta. TIADA hierarki kebenaran — mana-mana operator boleh mengisytiharkan kecemasan atau menyampaikan trafik kecemasan.

Priority LevelsTahap Keutamaan

MAYDAY

Imminent threat to life. Highest priority. All other traffic ceases immediately.Ancaman segera kepada nyawa. Keutamaan tertinggi. Semua trafik lain berhenti serta-merta.

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC...MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY — ini ialah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC...

PAN PAN

Urgent situation — not immediately life-threatening but serious. Second priority.Situasi mendesak — bukan ancaman nyawa serta-merta tapi serius. Keutamaan kedua.

PAN PAN PAN — medical emergency, requesting assistance.PAN PAN PAN — kecemasan perubatan, meminta bantuan.

SECURITE

(say: say-cure-ee-TAY) Safety information — hazard to navigation or safety. Third priority. Common in maritime but used in amateur emcomm.(sebut: say-cure-ee-TAY) Maklumat keselamatan — bahaya kepada navigasi atau keselamatan. Keutamaan ketiga. Biasa dalam maritim tapi digunakan dalam emcomm amatur.

BREAK BREAK

Interrupts an ongoing net or QSO for priority traffic. Not necessarily life-threatening — but urgent.Mencelah net atau QSO yang sedang berjalan untuk trafik keutamaan. Tidak semestinya mengancam nyawa — tapi mendesak.

BREAK BREAK — 9W2ABC, I have emergency traffic for the net.BREAK BREAK — 9W2ABC, saya ada trafik kecemasan untuk net.

Full MAYDAY ProcedureProsedur MAYDAY Penuh

Distress Call — Standard FormatPanggilan Kecemasan — Format Standard

Step 1Langkah 1

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAYMAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY

Step 2Langkah 2

THIS IS — [callsign, said three times]INI ADALAH — [callsign, disebut tiga kali]

Step 3Langkah 3

POSITION — [location: grid reference, GPS coordinates, or nearest landmark]KEDUDUKAN — [lokasi: rujukan grid, koordinat GPS, atau mercu tanda terdekat]

Step 4Langkah 4

NATURE OF DISTRESS — [what is happening]JENIS KESUSAHAN — [apa yang berlaku]

Step 5Langkah 5

NUMBER OF PERSONS — [how many people affected]BILANGAN ORANG — [berapa ramai yang terjejas]

Step 6Langkah 6

ANY OTHER INFORMATION — [condition, resources available]MAKLUMAT LAIN — [keadaan, sumber yang ada]

Step 7Langkah 7

OVER — [release PTT and listen for response]OVER — [lepaskan PTT dan dengar respons]

If no response on the current frequency, try the calling frequency for your band, or 145.500 MHz (international VHF calling). Repeat the full call every few minutes.Jika tiada respons pada frekuensi semasa, cuba frekuensi panggilan untuk jalur anda, atau 145.500 MHz (panggilan VHF antarabangsa). Ulangi panggilan penuh setiap beberapa minit.

Example MAYDAY CallContoh Panggilan MAYDAY

Send:Hantar:

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC. Position: Gunung Nuang trail, Hulu Langat, approximately two kilometres from the summit. Hiker with suspected broken leg, unable to self-rescue. Party of four, all otherwise uninjured. We have food and water. Requesting emergency assistance. MAYDAY — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, over.MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC. Kedudukan: laluan Gunung Nuang, Hulu Langat, lebih kurang dua kilometer dari puncak. Pendaki dengan syak patah kaki, tidak dapat menyelamat diri sendiri. Kumpulan empat orang, semua tidak cedera. Kami ada makanan dan air. Memohon bantuan kecemasan. MAYDAY — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, over.

Emergency Net ActivationPengaktifan Net Kecemasan

Activating an Emergency Net (NCS)Aktifkan Net Kecemasan (NCS)

NCS

QST QST QST — this is Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC declaring a RACES / ARES emergency net now active on this frequency. All non-emergency traffic, please QSY. Only emergency traffic will be handled. All stations stand by for net control. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, net control.QST QST QST — ini adalah Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC mengisytiharkan net kecemasan RACES / ARES kini aktif pada frekuensi ini. Semua trafik bukan kecemasan, sila QSY. Hanya trafik kecemasan akan dikendalikan. Semua stesen tunggu kawalan net. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC, kawalan net.

RACES = Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service. ARES = Amateur Radio Emergency Service. In Malaysia, coordinate with MCMC/APM/JPAM as appropriate.RACES = Perkhidmatan Kecemasan Awam Radio Amatur. ARES = Perkhidmatan Kecemasan Radio Amatur. Di Malaysia, koordinasi dengan MCMC/APM/JPAM mengikut kesesuaian.

Relaying Emergency TrafficMenyampaikan Trafik Kecemasan

RelayPemancar Semula

MAYDAY RELAY MAYDAY RELAY MAYDAY RELAY — this is Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ relaying a MAYDAY from Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC. [repeat original message.] Over.MAYDAY RELAY MAYDAY RELAY MAYDAY RELAY — ini adalah Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ menyampaikan MAYDAY dari Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC. [ulang mesej asal.] Over.

Any station may relay emergency traffic. Prefacing with "MAYDAY RELAY" distinguishes you as a relay, not the distressed party.Mana-mana stesen boleh sampaikan trafik kecemasan. Menggunakan "MAYDAY RELAY" di hadapan membezakan anda sebagai pemancar semula, bukan pihak yang dalam kesusahan.

Silence PeriodTempoh Senyap

Imposing Radio SilenceKenakan Senyap Radio

NCS

SEELONCE MAYDAY — all stations, silence. This frequency is reserved for emergency traffic. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.SEELONCE MAYDAY — semua stesen, senyap. Frekuensi ini dikhaskan untuk trafik kecemasan. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

EndingPenutup

SEELONCE FEENEE — all stations, the silence period is ended. Normal operations may resume. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.SEELONCE FEENEE — semua stesen, tempoh senyap telah tamat. Operasi biasa boleh disambung semula. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

SEELONCE (from French "silence") and FEENEE (from French "fini" = finished) are the ITU terms. Any station may impose silence — but only the controlling station or the distressed station may lift it.SEELONCE (dari Perancis "silence") dan FEENEE (dari Perancis "fini" = selesai) adalah istilah ITU. Mana-mana stesen boleh kenakan senyap — tapi hanya stesen kawalan atau stesen tertekan yang boleh tamatkannya.

DXing (working distant stations) and contesting have their own fast, abbreviated phraseology. Speed and efficiency matter — a DX pileup has dozens of stations calling simultaneously. Clarity and brevity win contacts.DXing (menghubungi stesen jauh) dan pertandingan mempunyai frasa yang pantas dan ringkas. Kelajuan dan kecekapan penting — pileup DX ada berpuluh-puluh stesen memanggil serentak. Kejelasan dan keringkasan menang hubungan.

DX Pileup OperationOperasi Pileup DX

Working a DX Station in a PileupHubungi Stesen DX dalam Pileup

DX StnStesen DX

CQ DX — this is X-ray-Yankee-One-Alpha-Alpha. Listening up five to ten. [Listens 5–10 kHz up from transmit frequency]CQ DX — ini adalah X-ray-Yankee-One-Alpha-Alpha. Mendengar naik lima hingga sepuluh. [Mendengar 5–10 kHz lebih tinggi dari frekuensi hantar]

9W2ABC9W2ABC

[Transmit on the split: ] Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie.[Hantar pada split: ] Nine-Whiskey-Two-Alpha-Bravo-Charlie.

DX Stn

Nine-Whiskey-Two — you're five-nine. QSL?Nine-Whiskey-Two — anda lima-sembilan. QSL?

9W2ABC

QSL — five-nine also. Thank you. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.QSL — lima-sembilan juga. Terima kasih. Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

DX Stn

QSL — thanks. QRZ?QSL — terima kasih. QRZ?

In a pileup, transmit only your callsign. Do not say "CQ" or "Hello." Give only your call — the DX station will ask for what else is needed. Keep transmissions to 3–5 seconds maximum.Dalam pileup, hantar callsign anda sahaja. Jangan kata "CQ" atau "Hello." Bagi callsign sahaja — stesen DX akan minta apa yang perlu. Pastikan transmisi tidak lebih 3–5 saat.

Contest Exchange — Standard FormatPertukaran Pertandingan — Format Standard

Typical Contest QSO (e.g., CQ WW, ARRL DX)QSO Pertandingan Tipikal (contoh, CQ WW, ARRL DX)

Caller

CQ Contest — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.CQ Contest — Nine-Whiskey-Two-ABC.

Response

Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ.Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ.

Caller

Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — five-nine, zero-one-five. [RST + serial number]Nine-Mike-Two-XYZ — lima-sembilan, sifar-satu-lima. [RST + nombor siri]

Response

Five-nine, zero-zero-three. [RST + serial number]Lima-sembilan, sifar-sifar-tiga. [RST + nombor siri]

Caller

QSL — zero-zero-three. Thanks. QRZ?QSL — sifar-sifar-tiga. Terima kasih. QRZ?

Contest exchanges are minimalist by design. Only the required exchange elements are sent. No pleasantries, no names, no weather. Speed is the goal.Pertukaran pertandingan adalah minimalis secara reka bentuk. Hanya elemen pertukaran yang diperlukan dihantar. Tiada basa-basi, tiada nama, tiada cuaca. Kelajuan adalah matlamat.

DX / Contest TerminologyIstilah DX / Pertandingan

Distant station. In HF, generally a station in another country. The most sought-after contacts.Stesen jauh. Dalam HF, biasanya stesen di negara lain. Hubungan yang paling dicari.

PILEUP

Many stations calling a single rare DX station simultaneously. Chaotic and competitive.Banyak stesen memanggil satu stesen DX yang jarang serentak. Huru-hara dan kompetitif.

SPLIT

The DX station transmits on one frequency and listens on another (usually higher). Prevents pileup from burying the DX signal.Stesen DX transmit pada satu frekuensi dan mendengar pada frekuensi lain (biasanya lebih tinggi). Mencegah pileup daripada menenggelamkan isyarat DX.

Listening up five — means the DX station listens 5 kHz above their transmit frequency.Listening up five — bermaksud stesen DX mendengar 5 kHz di atas frekuensi transmit mereka.

QRZ?

Who is calling me? In DX context: the DX station inviting the next caller.Siapa yang memanggil saya? Dalam konteks DX: stesen DX menjemput pemanggil seterusnya.

NIL

Nothing heard / Nothing in the log. Used in DX to confirm no contact was made.Tiada yang didengari / Tiada dalam log. Digunakan dalam DX untuk mengesahkan tiada hubungan dibuat.

DXCC

DX Century Club — the prestigious award for contacting 100+ ARRL-listed entities (countries/territories). The benchmark DX achievement.DX Century Club — anugerah berprestij untuk menghubungi 100+ entiti senarai ARRL (negara/wilayah). Pencapaian DX penanda aras.

ENTITY

An ARRL-defined DX entity — not always a country. Islands, territories, and some geographic features count separately.Entiti DX yang ditakrifkan ARRL — tidak semestinya sebuah negara. Pulau-pulau, wilayah, dan beberapa ciri geografi dikira secara berasingan.

WORKED

Successfully made a contact with. "I've worked 150 entities."Berjaya membuat hubungan dengan. "Saya dah worked 150 entiti."

CONFIRMED

The contact has been verified via QSL card or online log (LoTW). Unconfirmed contacts don't count for awards.Hubungan telah disahkan melalui kad QSL atau log dalam talian (LoTW). Hubungan yang tidak disahkan tidak dikira untuk anugerah.

LOTW

Logbook of The World — ARRL's online QSL confirmation system. The most widely used electronic confirmation method.Logbook of The World — sistem pengesahan QSL dalam talian ARRL. Kaedah pengesahan elektronik yang paling banyak digunakan.

SERIAL NUMBER

A sequential contact number sent during contests. Starts at 001 and increments with each QSO.Nombor hubungan berjujukan yang dihantar semasa pertandingan. Bermula pada 001 dan bertambah dengan setiap QSO.

MULTIPLIER

A scoring bonus in contests — often a country, zone, or state. More multipliers = higher score.Bonus mata dalam pertandingan — sering negara, zon, atau negeri. Lebih pengganda = skor lebih tinggi.

S/P/C

State / Province / Country. Common contest exchange element.Negeri / Wilayah / Negara. Elemen pertukaran pertandingan yang biasa.

RATE

QSOs per hour during a contest. "Running at 100 per hour."QSO per jam semasa pertandingan. "Berlari pada 100 per jam."

RUN

Operating on one frequency calling CQ continuously, generating a steady flow of callers.Beroperasi pada satu frekuensi memanggil CQ secara berterusan, menghasilkan aliran pemanggil yang stabil.

S&P

Search and Pounce — tuning across the band and calling stations already calling CQ, rather than running yourself.Cari dan Terkam — menala merentasi jalur dan memanggil stesen yang sudah memanggil CQ, berbanding beroperasi sendiri.

DUPE

A duplicate contact — working the same station twice. Dupes typically score zero and may cost penalty points.Hubungan pendua — menghubungi stesen yang sama dua kali. Dupe biasanya markah sifar dan mungkin dikenakan penalti.

These are the everyday expressions you'll hear in normal ragchew QSOs, local repeater conversations, and club nets. Knowing them makes you sound like you belong — because you do.Ini adalah ungkapan harian yang anda akan dengar dalam QSO ragchew biasa, perbualan repeater tempatan, dan net kelab. Mengetahuinya menjadikan anda kedengaran seperti orang lama — sebab memang dah layak pun.

Standard QSO PhrasesFrasa QSO Standard

NICE TO MEET YOU

Nice to meet you on the air / nice to make your acquaintance.Seronok bertemu dengan anda di udara / seronok berkenalan dengan anda.

Nice to meet you on the air, OM — hope we get another contact soon.Seronok bertemu dengan anda di udara, OM — harap kita dapat hubungan lagi tidak lama lagi.

FIRST CONTACT

This is the first time we have communicated. Often stated as a courtesy.Ini kali pertama kita berkomunikasi. Sering dinyatakan sebagai budi bahasa.

Is this our first contact? I don't have you in my log.Adakah ini hubungan pertama kita? Saya tak ada anda dalam log saya.

IN THE LOG

The contact has been recorded. Confirmation of a completed QSO.Hubungan telah direkodkan. Pengesahan QSO yang telah selesai.

BACK TO YOU

I've finished my part — your turn to transmit. Equivalent to OVER.Saya dah habis bahagian saya — giliran anda untuk transmit. Setara dengan OVER.

LET YOU GO

I'm ending the contact. "I'll let you go now" = polite closing phrase.Saya sedang menamatkan hubungan. "I'll let you go now" = frasa penutup yang sopan.

GOING MOBILE

You are about to start driving / you are operating from a vehicle.Anda akan mula memandu / anda beroperasi dari kenderaan.

Going mobile now — signal may vary. Back to you.Pergi mobil sekarang — isyarat mungkin berubah-ubah. Kembali kepada anda.

PORTABLE

Operating with a handheld radio, often outdoors or away from home station.Beroperasi dengan radio pegang tangan, sering di luar atau jauh dari stesen rumah.

HOME STATION

Your fixed base station at home, as opposed to mobile or portable operation.Stesen asas tetap anda di rumah, berbeza dengan operasi mobil atau portable.

QSL BUREAU

A postal system for exchanging QSL cards internationally at low cost via national societies like MARTS.Sistem pos untuk bertukar kad QSL secara antarabangsa dengan kos rendah melalui persatuan kebangsaan seperti MARTS.

HANDLE

Your first name / operating name.Nama pertama anda / nama operasi.

My handle is Victor.Handle saya ialah Victor.

ANTENNA FARM

A station with many antennas installed. Said admiringly or enviously.Stesen dengan banyak antena dipasang. Diucapkan dengan kagum atau cemburu.

BAREFOOT

Operating without an external amplifier — just the transceiver's built-in power output.Beroperasi tanpa penguat luar — hanya output kuasa terbina dalam transceiver.

APPLIANCE OPERATOR

Mildly dismissive term for an operator who just uses commercial radios without understanding or building anything. Not a compliment.Istilah yang sedikit merendah untuk operator yang hanya menggunakan radio komersial tanpa memahami atau membina apa-apa. Bukan pujian.

HOMEBREWER

An operator who builds their own equipment. Highly respected in the hobby.Operator yang membina peralatan sendiri. Sangat dihormati dalam hobi ini.

EYEBALL QSO

Meeting another ham operator in person, face to face. Not over radio.Bertemu dengan operator ham lain secara bersemuka. Bukan melalui radio.

We had an eyeball QSO at the MARTS hamfest.Kami ada QSO eyeball di hamfest MARTS.

HAMFEST

An amateur radio gathering / convention / swap meet. Community events with equipment sales, talks, and licensing events.Perhimpunan radio amatur / konvensyen / pasar swap. Acara komuniti dengan jualan peralatan, ceramah, dan acara perlesenan.

ELMERED

Was mentored by an experienced operator.Dibimbing oleh operator berpengalaman. "Saya di-elmer oleh 9M2XYZ — dia ajar saya segalanya."

NEW TO HF

Indicates you've just started operating on HF bands — other operators will typically be patient and helpful.Menunjukkan anda baru mula beroperasi pada jalur HF — operator lain biasanya akan sabar dan membantu.

BAND IS OPEN

Propagation conditions are good — distant stations are audible. The ionosphere is cooperating.Keadaan propagasi baik — stesen jauh boleh didengari. Ionosfera sedang bekerjasama.

BAND IS DEAD

Poor propagation — few or no signals from distant stations. Not worth calling CQ on HF.Propagasi buruk — sedikit atau tiada isyarat dari stesen jauh. Tidak berbaloi panggil CQ pada HF.

LONG PATH

A signal path that goes the "long way around" the Earth. Sometimes better than short path depending on propagation.Laluan isyarat yang pergi "pusing jauh" mengelilingi Bumi. Kadang-kadang lebih baik dari laluan pendek bergantung pada propagasi.

SHORT PATH

The shorter great-circle route between two stations.Laluan bulatan besar yang lebih pendek antara dua stesen.

GREY LINE

The terminator — the boundary between day and night on Earth's surface. Propagation at the grey line is often exceptional.Penamat — sempadan antara siang dan malam di permukaan Bumi. Propagasi di garisan kelabu sering luar biasa.

SKIP

The ionospheric propagation that allows HF signals to travel long distances.Propagasi ionosfera yang membolehkan isyarat HF bergerak jarak jauh. "Isyarat tersebut melepasi Asia Tenggara dan mendarat di Jepun."

Things You Should Never SayPerkara Yang Tidak Boleh Dikatakan

These common errors mark a new or careless operator. Avoid them.Kesilapan biasa ini menandakan operator baru atau cuai. Elakkan.

OVER AND OUT

Never correct. OVER means "your turn"; OUT means "I'm done." They are contradictory. Use one or the other.Tidak pernah betul. OVER bermaksud "giliran anda"; OUT bermaksud "saya dah habis." Kedua-duanya bercanggah. Guna satu sahaja.

REPEAT

Do not say "repeat" to ask for retransmission — say "SAY AGAIN." "Repeat" has a military meaning (repeat artillery fire) and may cause confusion.Jangan kata "repeat" untuk minta transmisi semula — kata "SAY AGAIN." "Repeat" mempunyai makna tentera (tembakan artileri berulang) dan boleh menimbulkan kekeliruan.

ROGER WILCO

Redundant. WILCO already includes ROGER. Say only WILCO.Berulang. WILCO sudah termasuk ROGER. Kata WILCO sahaja.

10-4 / BREAKER

CB radio codes. Not part of amateur radio protocol. Do not use on amateur frequencies.Kod radio CB. Bukan sebahagian dari protokol radio amatur. Jangan guna pada frekuensi amatur.

KERCHUNKING

Keying up a repeater without identifying. Always give your callsign. Every transmission, every time.Tekan transmit repeater tanpa mengidentifikasi. Sentiasa bagi callsign anda. Setiap transmisi, setiap kali.

SQUASHING QSOs

Transmitting on a frequency in use without checking. Always listen before you transmit. Always.Transmit pada frekuensi yang sedang digunakan tanpa menyemak. Sentiasa dengar sebelum transmit. Selalu.

GroupKumpulan	FocusFokus	LinkPautan
Radio Amatur Malaysia (Official)	General — largest Malaysian ham groupUmum — kumpulan ham Malaysia terbesar	📘 Join
Amateur Radio KL Malaysia	Klang Valley operatorsOperator Lembah Klang	📘 Join
MARTS Members	Official MARTS members groupKumpulan ahli MARTS rasmi	📘 Join
MARES Group	Emergency communicationsKomunikasi kecemasan	📘 Join

ChannelSaluran	Frequency (MHz)Frekuensi (MHz)	ModeMod	Spacing (kHz)Jarak (kHz)
1	446.00625	FM	12.5
2	446.01875	FM	12.5
3	446.03125	FM	12.5
4	446.04375	FM	12.5
5	446.05625	FM	12.5
6	446.06875	FM	12.5
7	446.08125	FM	12.5
8	446.09375	FM	12.5

ChannelSaluran	Frequency (MHz)Frekuensi (MHz)	ModeMod	Spacing (kHz)Jarak (kHz)
1	446.103125	4FSK	6.25
2	446.109375	4FSK	6.25
3	446.115625	4FSK	6.25
4	446.121875	4FSK	6.25
5	446.128125	4FSK	6.25
6	446.134375	4FSK	6.25
7	446.140625	4FSK	6.25
8	446.146875	4FSK	6.25
9	446.153125	4FSK	6.25
10	446.159375	4FSK	6.25
11	446.165625	4FSK	6.25
12	446.171875	4FSK	6.25
13	446.178125	4FSK	6.25
14	446.184375	4FSK	6.25
15	446.190625	4FSK	6.25
16	446.196875	4FSK	6.25

	PMR446	Amateur Radio (Class B)Radio Amatur (Kelas B)
Licence neededPerlukan lesen	✗ No	✓ Yes — RAE examYa — peperiksaan RAE
Max powerKuasa maksimum	0.5 W	50 W
RangeJulat	1–5 km typical1–5 km biasa	City-wide via repeater / worldwide via HFSeluruh bandar via repeater / seluruh dunia via HF
FrequenciesFrekuensi	8 analog + 16 digital channels only8 saluran analog + 16 digital sahaja	All amateur bands (HF, VHF, UHF)Semua jalur amatur (HF, VHF, UHF)
External antennaAntena luaran	✗ Not allowedTidak dibenarkan	✓ AllowedDibenarkan
Repeater useGuna repeater	✗ Not allowedTidak dibenarkan	✓ AllowedDibenarkan
Cost to startKos permulaan	Price of radio only (RM 30–200)Harga radio sahaja (RM 30–200)	~RM 134 licence + radio~RM 134 lesen + radio